The idea of giving a country a single written constitution is relatively modern, although widespread today. In a large number of countries, the constitution follows a decisive event in national history, such as war, revolution or independence. Both legal and political importance attach importance to the methods by which a constitution can be amended. They can divide the power of change between people, legislative and executive, or between a federation and its components. They can express fundamental values by declaring certain characteristics immutable. Some constitutions stipulate that certain issues can only be changed by referendum or by an entirely new constitution. In federal systems, changes typically require special majorities within the federal legislature, followed by ratification by a special majority of states. Im 18. In the nineteenth century, Adam Smith provided a philosophical basis for explaining the relationship between law and economics.

[227] Discipline stems in part from criticism of unions and U.S. antitrust law. The most influential proponents, such as Richard Posner and Oliver Williamson and the so-called Chicago School of Economists and Lawyers such as Milton Friedman and Gary Becker, are generally proponents of deregulation and privatization and are hostile to government regulation or what they see as restrictions on the functioning of free markets. [228] Law is a system of rules created and applied by social or state institutions to regulate behavior,[2] with its precise definition, a long-standing topic of debate. [3] [4] [5] It has been variously described as a science[6][7] and the art of justice. [8] [9] [10] Laws enforced by the state may be enacted by a group legislature or by a single legislature, which gives rise to laws; by the executive by decrees and ordinances; or established by judges by precedents, usually in common law jurisdictions. Individuals may enter into legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that offer alternative means of resolving disputes to standard court procedures. The creation of the laws themselves may be influenced by a written or tacit constitution and the rights enshrined therein. Law shapes politics, economics, history and society in many ways and mediates relations between peoples. The retention of official documents is important in the conference procedure, as both bodies can only respond to a conference report if they are in possession of the documents. Traditionally, documents are sent to the body that approves the conference and from this body to the managers of the house who requested the conference.

The latter, in turn, carry the documents to the conference and, after their conclusion, hand them over to the managers of the house who have accepted the conference. House managers who have accepted the conference hand it over to their own Assembly, which first decides on the report and then hands the documents to the other House for the final implementation of the report. However, if the house managers who accept the conference hand over the documents to the house where they request the conference, the report can first be edited by the house requesting the conference. On the day scheduled for a public hearing before a committee or subcommittee, an official journalist is present to record the testimony. After a brief opening statement by the chair and often also by the most senior member of the minority or another member of the committee, the first witness is called. Cabinet and senior government officials, as well as interested individuals, testify voluntarily or by subpoena. If the previous question has been ordered by the provisions of the clause on a bill introduced by the Committee of the Whole, the House will immediately vote on all amendments notified by the committee in the order in which they appear in the bill, unless they vote en bloc. At the end of the vote on the amendments, the House immediately votes on the adoption of the bill with the amendments it has adopted. However, a request for re-engagement, as described in the next section, may be made and put to the vote before the vote on adoption.

If a public bill is the subject of a positive report by all the committees to which reference has been made, it will be assigned a calendar number either in the union calendar or in the House calendar, the two main business calendars. The calendar number is printed on the first page of the invoice and, in some cases, on the back. In the case of a bill that has been referred to more than one committee, the calendar number will only be printed on the bill as reported by the last committee that examined it. Making a copy of the bill as passed by the House can be a detailed and complicated process due to the large number and complexity of amendments to some bills passed by Parliament. These amendments may be tabled in a lively debate with little or no prior formal preparation. The amendment can be used to insert new language, to replace words specified in the bill with other words, or to delete parts of the bill. In some cases, the amendments proposed by the plenary are written in long characters. Each amendment must be inserted in exactly the right place in the bill, with the spelling and punctuation exactly as they were passed by Parliament. It is extremely important that the Senate receive a copy of the bill in the exact form in which it was passed by the House of Representatives.

The preparation of such a copy is the responsibility of the registration officer. The rules for establishing a quorum differ in some respects throughout the Committee. If, for the first time, the committee as a whole does not have a quorum during a day, the chair must order the convening of the list electronically, unless he orders the convening of the committee. However, the President may refuse to raise a point of order during the general debate without a quorum. When a quorum (100 members) appears during a conference call, the committee shall continue its work. If there is no quorum, the committee shall rise and the President shall inform the plenary of the names of the absentees. The Standing Orders provide for the prompt implementation of a quorum in the Committee of the Whole. The President may suspend a quorum after 100 members have registered their attendance.